Can amplifying input port break sound card

I have been trying different ways to rip my records. USB works perfectly but I wanted to try doing it the way others do it, by analog. I tried doing that with a Monster cable I use for my Beats. I plugged in one end to the turntable's headphones port and the other end to the front mic port. I didn't get any sound as input so i unplugged it. Later I wanted to watch netflix and no sound output came out (other than a quiet endless noise) so I tried the main motherboard port and same thing. Then I tried configuring it and reinstalling every single piece of software on my PC that has anything to do with sound (thats for Linux.) Then I thought it was something in Linux so I booted Windows from my SSD and same thing. Lately I have been doing lots of upgrades on my PC and I recently moved out and noticed the guys helping us carry stuff were very careless (they broke the ceiling lamp) but then I realized it could have been the little turntable experiment because the input port expects very low power since the mic itself has zero amplification and the headphone port on my turntable has somewhat of an amplification. Could this be what caused it to happen?